Ann Arbor Probation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ann Arbor Probation - Essay Example Because of this division being a state organization it reports legitimately to the representative and therefore, is by implication affected by resident voters. This impact, luckily, doesn't influence the everyday functions of the probation office. The executives of the field activities organization falls legitimately on the remedial offices the board organization and afterward back to the director’s office. The political angles infrequently legitimately influence the activities of the probation division in this regard. The qualities of a tall pecking order as found in our nearby probation office is that they have the full intensity of the province of Michigan supporting their choices and an away from of order taking into account a greatly improved methodology with respect to productivity. The shortcomings would begin from the political side and might cause disturbances in administration whenever permitted to straightforwardly influence the day by day working of the office itself. Given the protecting impact of numerous layers of structure, the political initiative is, in any case, hampered in its capacity to really influence change at a base level inside the association itself. Would it be feasible for this organization to move to a level chain of importance and still keep up positive control of the day by day operations inside the division, the short answer would appear to be no. In any case, if the level order was drawn nearer with a private attitude looking to a benefit based expense the conceivable outcomes start to open up. For example, utilizing a level chain of command and a benefit based structure for representatives and the board one might forestall loss of order control using budgetary inspiration among the staff and people working there. The thought is base rewards on a net benefit/deficit approach and drive profitability to mirror a longing for extra cash.

A Study On Classroom Management Education Essay

Study hall course central focuses on three significant constituents: content bearing, conduct heading, and pledge bearing. Fitting to specializers in the field of guidance, school and schoolroom heading targets advancing and set uping understudy abstemiousness through a system of propelling positive student achievement and conduct. In this manner scholarly achievement, instructor effectiveness, and educator and understudy conduct are straight connected with the build of school and schoolroom heading. Study hall bearing achievements are a worked in bit of instructional rating of both the understudies and the teachers themselves. As a matter of fact, homeroom course conspires are a progressively toothsome name for schoolroom subject. This paper will talk the vital constituents to do schoolroom bearing solid. Part I. BODY LANGUAGEBody phonetic correspondence is an of import part of conveying, which can speak to 50 % or a greater amount of what we are pass oning. On the off chance that one wishes to pass on great, so it bodes well to see how they can ( and can non ) utilize their natural structure to state what they mean. It comes in bunchs of signs and positions, contingent upon the inner feelings and mental regions. Recognizing an entire bundle is hence unquestionably more reliable than looking to understand single components. Body semantic correspondence is a term for conveying using natural structure movements or motions on the other hand of, or in add-on to, sounds, verbal phonetic correspondence or other imparting. It structures bit of the class of paralinguistic correspondence, which portrays all signifiers of human imparting that are non verbal phonetic correspondence. This incorporates the most tricky of movements that numerous individuals are non aware of, including squint and little movement of the superciliums. In add-on, natural structure semantic correspondence can other than coordinate the utilization of facial looks. In spite of the fact that they are all things considered non discerning of it, numerous individuals impart and get non-verbal signs all the clasp. These signs may bespeak what they are truly encountering. The procedure of perusing individuals is utilized frequently. For delineation, the idea of reflecting natural structure semantic correspondence to set individuals at ease is typ ically utilized in interviews. It sets the individual being met at effortlessness. Reflecting the natural structure etymological correspondence of individual else shows that they are comprehended. Body semantic correspondence signs may hold an end other than conveying. The two individuals would keep up this in head. Perceivers limit the weight they place on non-verbal signals. Signalers explain their signs to bespeak the natural start of their activities. One of the most fundamental and amazing non-verbal communication signals is the point at which an individual crosses their weaponries over the chest. This can bespeak that an individual is seting up an oblivious obstruction among themselves as well as other people. It can other than bespeak that the individual ‘s weaponries are cold which would be explained by scouring the weaponries or clustering. At the point when the general situation is friendly, it can mean that an individual is accepting significantly about what is being examined. In any case, in a genuine or angry situation, it can plan that an individual is indicating opposition. This is especially so if the individual is tilting off from the talker. An unforgiving or clean facial watch much of the time shows straight-out hostility. Such an individual is non a partner, and might be sing aggressive strategies. Steady oculus contact can bespeak that an individual is accepting emphatically of what the talker is expressing. It can other than mean that the other individual does non swear the talker bounty to â€Å" take their eyes off † the talker. Absence of oculus contact can bespeak negativeness. On the different manus, people with nervousness upsets are often incapable to do oculus contact without awkwardness. Eye to eye connection is as often as possible an optional and beguiling motion since we are instructed since the beginning to do oculus contact when discourse creation. On the off chance that an individual is seeing you yet is doing the arms-over chest signal, the oculus contact could be definitive that something is inconvenience oneselfing the individual, and that the person needs to talk about it. Then again, if while doing coordinate oculus contact an individual is avoiding with something, even while straight taking a gander at you, it could bespeak the going to is somewher e else. Doubt is every now and again demonstrated by turned away respect, or by contacting the ear or rubing the mentum. So is eye fatigue, or tingling. At the point when an individual is non being persuaded by what individual is expressing, the going to continually meanders, and the eyes will look away for a drawn-out period. Weariness is demonstrated by the caput inclining to the other side, or by the eyes taking a gander at the talker yet going fairly unfocused. A caput joust may other than bespeak an irritated cervix, and unfocussed eyes may bespeak optic occupations in the listener. Intrigue can be demonstrated through position or expanded oculus contact. Trickery or the demonstration of continue backing data can some of the time be shown by contacting the face during discussion. It ought to be noticed that a few people, with specific disablements, or those on the mentally unbalanced range, utilization and comprehend natural structure semantic correspondence in any case, or non by any means. Deciphering their motions and facial looks, or inadequacy thereof, with regards to ordinary natural structure phonetic correspondence ordinarily prompts misinterpretations and misconceptions, especially if body etymological correspondence is given priority over spoken semantic correspondence. It ought to other than be expressed that individuals from various civic establishments could interpret natural structure semantic correspondence in various manners. Part II. Talk about LEGAL ISSUES IN REGARDS TO SCHOOL DISCIPLINESchool subject today would be a harder activity than ever, even without every one of these modifications, in view of the countrywide expansion of disturbed family units and muddled childs. A few schools, especially those in inside metropoliss, have understudies who are truly fierce crooks. School subject has two boss finishes: ( 1 ) ensure the security of staff and students, and ( 2 ) make a domain helpful for larning. Genuine student unfortunate behavior influencing brutal or condemnable conduct lickings these closures and much of the time stands out as truly newsworthy in the strategy. Be that as it may, the commonest subject employments include noncriminal understudy conduct. These less sensational occupations may non jeopardize individual security, yet they still contrarily influence the obtaining condition. Disturbances interfere with exercises for all understudies, and crazy students lose much all the more learning cut. Research laborers figure that in numerous schools, understudies lost 7,932 instructional yearss ( 44 mature ages ) in-school and out-of-school suspensions in an individual scholarly twelvemonth. The being of subject employments in school may loan to a situation that encourages school power and offense. On an everyday or hebdomadal occurring, occupations, for example, understudy racial tensenesss, terrorizing, sexual torment of different students, verbal abuse of educators, far reaching schoolroom upset, and Acts of the Apostless of impoliteness for teachers in government funded schools. The event of undesirable pack and clique exercises, and because of the horrendous idea of these episodes, nowadayss all investigations of pack and faction exercises during the school twelvemonth. Optional school principals over the United States uncovered that most chiefs felt increasingly exacting due system processs ought to follow in subject cases than those required by government laws and school strategies. The principals other than would in general accept that real punishment ought to be allowed under specific fortunes and that both inconsistent educator readiness refering subject and an insufficiency of equivalent interchange plans for understudies were the central point confining schools ‘ capacities to maintain control. Notwithstanding, today principals come up short on the instruments they used to hold for covering even with the disorderly childs. Once, they could toss out such childs for good or direct them to specific schools for the difficult to-train. The specific schools have generally evaporated, and region guidance Torahs regularly do non let for enduring launch. So, best case scenario, a school may pull off to reassign a student criminal somewhere else in a similar region. Instructors today other than discover their guardianships tied when covering with another problematic and a lot bigger gathering of students, those secured by the 1975 Persons with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) . This statute, which orders that schools give a â€Å" free and proper guidance † for kids regardless of disablement and gracefully it, moreover, inside ordinary schoolrooms at whatever point humanly conceivable strongly strips educators of the approval to reassign or to suspend for significant stretches any student named requiring specific guidance. This would non check if specific guidance included essentially the wheelchair-bound or hard of hearing understudies whom we regularly think about each piece disabled. Be that as it may, it does non. In the course of the last a few decennaries, the figure of children grouped under the hazily characterized disablement classs of â€Å" learning disablement † and â€Å" enthusiastic annoyance † has detonated. Huge numbers of these childs are those one time just called â€Å" awkward † or â€Å" standoffish † : segment of the legitimate meaning of enthusiastic annoyance is â€Å" a failure to build or keep good relational associations with equivalents and teachers, â€Å" at the end of the day, to be part of a precise network. Examiners shows that disproportional Numberss of the adolescent criminals they presently observe are specific guidance understudies. With IDEA impediments haltering them, school functionaries can non respond commandingly when th

Beloved Interpretation

Music, rhyme and cadence consolidate all together to strengthen the effect of words and verse. In Beloved the artist can really communicate their aching for a darling through the progression of time, and explicitly that of seasons.He utilizes dim, white and dull symbolism to depict the need shine of his life in winter because of the insufficiency of allegorical shading because of missing his â€Å"Beloved. † It nearly appears as though the speaker’s each second is spent pausing and trusting. Obviously, the adoration is responded and is amazingly deep.The speaker’s utilization of seasons is a similitude for time went through with his sweetheart and away from his darling. Regular day to day existence appears to be repetitive and dull like winter. He has gotten numb, lost all physical and passionate sensation. Then again, being as one with his sweetheart is a â€Å"warm wind† and â€Å"no statures could keep [them] from their range. † The poet’s picture of wings, mists and the sky is another analogy for unlimited prospects, vulnerabilities and the want to accomplish unfulfilled goals and dreams.Being together permits both of the sweethearts to satisfy their maximum capacity, move each other just as associate on a forceful passionate and otherworldly level. Time is a repetitive and huge component all through the sonnet. Time seems to have eased back down altogether on the grounds that consistently, consistently is spent in longing.The truth that â€Å"eternity awaits† shows that despite the fact that being as one and in adoration might be amazingly troublesome, it is definitely justified even despite the pause. I picked this sonnet since it is stuffed with crude feeling and discusses incredible love that can beat troublesome limits and circumstances.These verses are relatable and conjure a feeling of expectation inside the peruser. Individuals will in general look towards books, words, melodies and even films for ent husiastic quality and encouragement.The speaker recounts to an extremely close to home story and contacts his darling as well as to the perusers and audience members. The subtle part of time is charming and engaging; it figures out how to attract you. In a manner you trust the darlings and rejoined. Generally speaking, the sonnet is unconventional and genuine, making it interesting and lovely to peruse, and likely stunningly better when set to a tune.

Parkinson s Disease A Progressive Disorder - 1751 Words

Each year more than 60,000 Americans are diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (PDF, 2014). That sixty thousand does not include the many thousand cases that go undetected each year. Parkinson’s is a progressive disorder that occurs in the nervous system. This disease affects a person’s movement. Parkinson’s disease develops progressively. The most common first sign of Parkinson’s is slight shaking of a body part. In the initial phase of Parkinson’s a person will experience slurring of speech and an expressionless face (Mayo Clinic, 2014). With time, the symptoms of Parkinson’s exacerbate. This disease is most frequently seen in people over the age of 50 (PDF, 2014). Parkinson’s disease is generated by a great number of reasons. Parkinson’s†¦show more content†¦Another cause can be the existence of Lewy bodies in the patients brain. Lewy bodies are bundles of certain substances among brain cells. Within Lewy bodies a protein termed alpha-synuclein is present (Mayo Clinic, 2014). Researchers say that synuclein is an immense factor in Parkinson’s disease. Environmental toxins can also increase the decay of neurons. A few of the toxins that have been associated with Parkinson’s disease consist of carbon disulfide, commonly found in many gases released from the earth’s surface, manganese, found in iron and steel, and carbon monoxide, which is the gas produced by cars (WebMD, 2014). All of these factors lead to patients showing signs and symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. The most common sign of Parkinson’s is shaking of a patients body, most commonly the hands. With time these symptoms worsen and can become as serious as having difficulty swallowing in the later stages of the disease (WebMD, 2014). The symptoms that occur in between these two stages vary greatly. A symptom that develops shortly after the beginning stage is bradykinesia, slow movement (Mayo Clinic, 2014). This affects a person’s ability to walk or even the capability to get out of bed. Another symptom such as muscle rigidity occurs in numerous patients. This muscle stiffness can arise in any part of a victim’s body. This decreases a person’s area of movement because of the immense amount irritation that takes place.

Is Euthanasia A Criminal Offence - 1266 Words

By continuing to make euthanasia a criminal offence, it is making it problematic in the legal sense because although there is a lot of significant public support6 euthanasia, doctors are still being punished when they choose to help their patients with ending their lives when they choose to do so. There is a Nigerian case which involves R. v. Johnson (1961), where the presiding judge said that â€Å"I accept the fact that what you did (euthanize the patient) was done without thought for yourself but out of compassion for the child.†7 However in the end, Dr. Johnson was still found guilty and imprisoned for murder. This was made on the basis that he premeditated the patient s death. When terminally ill patients show a desire to be euthanized, preplanning the day is an essential part of the process to allow someone be euthanized and medical physicians should not be held against in court for doing so. As long as a doctor a doctor explains the patient s different options beforehan d including termination of life support, DNR orders, withholding treatment and using pain medication, or euthanasia and then allow the patient to make a decision that is independent without any one influencing or pressuring them, the medical professional has shown that they are interested in their patient s well-being as they approach death. There have been polls by Robert Ho of Central Queensland University and Angus Reid and they found that a majority of people in Australia,8 Canada, the United States,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Is Euthanaisa Ethical?1203 Words   |  5 PagesIs Euthanasia Ethical? Euthanasia is a major ethical topic all around the world. Euthanasia is the deliberate killing of a person for the benefit of that person. In most cases euthanasia is carried out because the person who dies asks for it, but there are cases in euthanasia where people are unconscious, in a coma or unstable and can’t make that decision. Some people focus on how people should die without pain and if someone wants to be injected they should be allowed. Other people believeRead MoreEuthanasi The Issue Of Legalizing Euthanasia1662 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Euthanasia Ata Dogan Student Sheridan College Abstract This paper examines how countries around the world have dealt with euthanasia as an upcoming issue. Looking into the stances, arguments and opinions surrounding the issue of legalizing Euthanasia. It goes into detail about why citizens are requesting legalization and also reviews who are the people specifically that chose to be euthanized. Furthermore, it discusses the negative stance and the positive outcomes of this issue overRead MoreLegalizing Euthanasia in Canada837 Words   |  3 Pages[The criminal code of Canada states] â€Å"everyone who councils, aids, or abets someone to commit suicide whether or not suicide ensures , is guilty of an indictable offence and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 14 years.† 1 It is this law which violates the human right to life as well as creates a widely spread controversy over whether or not euthanasia should become legalized in Canada. 2 Legalizing euthanasia would create many benefits for those who suffer from a termi nal illness,Read MoreLaw Morality Essay2211 Words   |  9 Pagesyour neighbor. Your neighbor being anyone who is affected by your act or omission† This supports the idea of â€Å"Love thy neighbor† from the Bible. However there is not always a connection between law and morality, for example not all strict liability offences need a moralistic view: this being parking on a double yellow line. This can be seen as a rule that everyone must follow, that doesn’t lead to different beliefs or theories, as it is simplistic. Durkheim, a French sociologist highlighted theRead MoreCriticisms and reforms or murder and manslaughter1394 Words   |  6 Pagesopinion... There also remains an issue in regards to euthanasia; known as a ‘mercy killing’. Under present law where a D kills a V who wants to die but cannot take their own life; they are to be found guilty of murder; carrying a minimum of 15 years imprisonment. Despite doctors being able to withdraw treatment; Airedale NHS Trust v Bland, and the DPP setting out guidelines on sentencing; under the obligation set out in s2(1) Prosecution of Offences ACT 1985. There are still situations the guidelineRead MorePersuasive Essay On Euthanasia730 Words   |  3 Pages Euthanasia is sometimes referred to a â€Å"mercy killing.† This controversial topic has been debated for decades. Some argue that euthanasia causes more harm than good, and with modern medicine it is simply unnecessary. Others argue that it is an act of mercy sparing a suffering individual from days, weeks, or months of unnecessary pain and anguish. However, there are moral and ethical questions surrounding euthanasia. It could be argued that killing of any kind is murder. No matter the situation orRead MoreDifferences Between Tort Law And Criminal Law1607 Words   |  7 PagesFinal Exam 1. Compare tort law and criminal law by identifying their similarities and differences. Conclude your analysis with examples how each may apply to health care providers who run afoul of legal standards. Tort law and criminal law have one major similarity in that they are both meant to identify wrongdoers, start a corrective action on them while also deterring people from wrongdoing. Their objective entails maintaining the scales at a balance concerning all the events in society. They advanceRead MoreEssay on Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia911 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept. Assisted suicide is known as the act of ending with the life of a terminal illness patients for end with their insupportable pain. Unlike euthanasia, the decision is not made by the doctor and their families, but by the patient. Therefore, doctors should be able to assist the suicide of their patients without being accused of committing a criminal offense. This conception is supported by three points of view. The first point defenses the autonomy of people, which covers the right of peopleRead MoreTaking a Look at Euthanasia710 Words   |  3 PagesEuthanasia can be done by veterinarians to your pets when they ar e old and in pain due to a disease, but what about humans? Euthanasia is the process of which one intentionally ends a life in the hopes of relieving a suffering that otherwise would be too much to bear for the patient. It is usually talked about when someone is inflicted with a terminal illness, or an illness with which there is no cure. They will have bouts of uncontrollable and excruciating pain but no way to control it. Many ofRead MoreThe Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide1505 Words   |  7 Pageschild of the ill or elderly parent has to decide whether their mom or dad should go forward with active euthanasia, could also cause some issues amongst the family. Euthanasia and assisted suicide is a way for family members and friends to be able to say their goodbyes to their loved one and know that they won’t be suffering for much longer. First, this essay is going to explore what euthanasia and assisted suicide is, and what the laws are in Canada involving this topic. Secondl y, this paper will

Finance, Funding and Legislative Frameworks For Success Assignment

Essays on Finance, Funding and Legislative Frameworks For Success Assignment FINANCE, FUNDING AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORKS FOR SUCCESS By Submission Finance, Funding and Legislative Frameworks for Success 1. Measurement against the organizations KPIs A Key Performance Indicator (KPI) refers to a given set of quantifiable measures used by an industry, or a particular company within the industry to measure, or compare its performance, in relation to meeting both its strategic, as well as operational goals. The financial statement provided for the Restaurant Group reflects the financial performance of the company during the fiscal year of 2012 to2013. The KPI for financial growth of the company KPI projected a target of ï ¿ ¡500m, while the exact performance of the company during this period was ï ¿ ¡580m. This shows that the company exceeded its KPI financial target. The company equally targeted to improve its market presence by opening new restaurants and serving more meals to its target customers. During the fiscal year of 2012 through to 2013, the company opened 35 new restaurants, increased its like-for-like sales by 3.5%. In addition, the company also served over 43 million meals to its customers during the year, as well as provided employment opportunities to over one thousand new job seekers. As for operational efficiency, the company increased its operating margin to 12.9%. The EBITDA increased to ï ¿ ¡107.8m. The profit before tax increased to ï ¿ ¡72.7m. The EPS increased to 28.0p per share. The proposed full year dividend increased to 14.0p per share. On the other hand, the operations were strongly cash generative. The operating cash flow  £116.8m, up 15%. The company also recorded a strong current trading, with total sales up 10% and like-for-like sales growth at 3.5% for the eight weeks to 23 February 2014. 2. Evaluation of the uses of KPIs in assessing organization performance Using KPIs is instrumental in assessing the performance of an organization in the sense that it sets a benchmark on the targets or goals for which the organization has to achieve. These benchmarks set the precedence of performance for which every company operating in a given industry should achieve in order to be within the profit margin. The Restaurant Group operates in the food and hotel industry, which deals with serving drinks, beverages, as well as meals. As such, some of the common benchmarks considered when assessing the Key Performance Indicators within the industry include the number of meals served, the number of new restaurants or new outlets opened by the company, as well as the amount of revenue collected by the company over a given fiscal year. The determination of the values of each KPI depends on the market forces affecting the sales volumes and purchasing trends, such as the forces of demand and supply, as well as consumer preferences and purchasing habits. Marr (2014) argues that the KPI is set at a value that shows the industry is stable and profitable considering the current market forces and situation. As such, using KPIs to assess or evaluate the performance of an organization enables the company to gauge its performance status with expected market ratios. This is turn pushes the company to work even harder to improve on the areas where it appears to be performing much lower than the set values by the industry on the KPIs. Furthermore, achieving a performance higher than the provided values of the KPIs also enables the industry to concentrate on the areas where it has a dismal performance level. 3. Discussion and explanation of your results As mentioned above, KPIs are instrumental in measuring the performance of these companies in such a way that it considers a variety of key performance aspects of the industry. As for the Restaurant Group, it is imperative for the administrators to consider the four key divisions under which the divisions of KPIs fall, thereby making it sustainable across the divide. The first is the quantitative indicator, which is possible to be measured on numerical terms. The second is the qualitative indicator, which is not possible to measure on numerical terms. The third is the directional indicators, and these are instrumental in specifying whether the organization is improving in performance or not improving, or in a worst-case scenario, making losses. The fourth is the process indicators, which measure the efficiency of the organization in a specified or particular procedure (Baroudi, 2010). Using KPIs to evaluate the performance of the Restaurant Group is instrumental in determining the exact performance lines that the company needs to improve in order to achieve market threshold, as well as maximize on its profit margins. This is majorly because KPIs in most cases follow the SMART objectives when analyzing the performance output of a particular company, meaning that the sought targets need to be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant to the business, and Time-dependent. 4. Discussion of the advantages and limitations of the analysis techniques Advantages Some of the advantages that the Restaurant Group enjoys when they employ the application of KPIs in evaluating its performance include standardization, creation of customer loyalty, as well as making accurate long-term predictions. Performance measures have a tendency of encouraging rigid behavioral outcomes thereby eliminating creativity and innovation. This will in turn lead to standardization of manufacturing procedures in order to achieve preset results. KPIs will enable the restaurant to improve the levels and quality standards of its services and meals, and this will eventually enhance the quality of service delivery for their clients, who will gain more confidence and trust in the company and its products (Parmenter, 2012). In the end, the customers will continue patronizing their outlets across various locations in order to continue enjoying their services. This makes them loyal customers to the brand and its products and services. Disadvantages However, some of the disadvantages of KPIs fall under measurements whereby some popular metrics of success are not easy to measure and quantify in figurative terms, such as employee engagement, or the level of employee satisfaction. In addition, the expenses incurred during such measurement procedures can sometimes be too high or a little expensive for the company to roll out appropriately in order to reap the benefits of KPIs as performance indicators. References List The Restaurant Group. Retrieved from http://www.trgplc.com/sites/default/files/file/TRG_AR13.pdf

Programming Essay Example For Students

Programming Essay PROGRAMMING A program is a sequence of instructions that tells the hardware of a computer what operations to perform on data. Programs can be built into the hardware itself, or they may exist independently in a form known as software. In some specialized, or dedicated, computers the operating instructions are embedded in their circuitry; common examples are the microcomputers found in calculators, wristwatches, automobile engines, and microwave ovens. A general-pur pose computer, on the other hand, contains some built-in programs (in ROM) or instructions (in the processor chip), but it depends on external programs to perform useful tasks. Once a computer has been programmed, it can do only as much or as little as the software controlling it at any given moment enables it to do. Software in widespread use includes a wide range of applications programs-instructions to the computer on how to perform various tasks. Languages. A computer must be given instructions in a language that it understands-that is, a particular pattern of binary digital information. On the earliest computers, programming was a difficult, laborious task, because vacuum-tube ON-OFF switches had to be set by hand. Teams of programmers often took days to program simple tasks such as sorting a list of names. Since that time a number of computer languages have been devised, some with particular kinds of functioning in mind and others aimed more at ease of use-the user-friendly approach. Machine Language. Unfortunately, the computers own binary-based language, or machine language, is difficult for humans to use. The programmer must input every command and all data in binary form, and a basic operation such as comparing the contents of a register to the data in a memory-chip location might look like this: 11001010 00010111 11110101 00101011. Machine-language programming is such a tedious, time consuming, task that the time saved in running the program rarely justifies the days or weeks needed to write the program. Assembly Language. One method programmers devised to shorten and simplify the process is called assembly-language programming. By assigning a short (usually three-letter) mnemonic code to each machine-language command, assembly-language programs could be written and debugged-cleaned of logic and data errors-in a fraction of the time needed by machine-language programmers. In assembly language, each mnemonic command and its symbolic operands equals one machine instruction. An assembler program translates the mnemonic opcodes (operation codes) and symbolic operands into binary language and executes the program. Assembly language, however, can be used only with one type of CPU chip or microprocessor. Programmers who expended much time and effort to learn how to program one computer had to learn a new programming style each time they worked on another machine. What was needed was a shorthand method by which one symbolic statement could represent a sequence of many machine-language instructions, and a way that would allow the same program to run on several types of machines. These needs led to the development of so-called high-level languages. High-Level Languages. High-level languages often use English-like words-for example, LIST, PRINT, OPEN, and so on-as commands that might stand for a sequence of tens or hundreds of machine-language instructions. The commands are entered from the keyboard or from a program in memory or in a storage device, and they are intercepted by a program that translates them into machine-language instructions. Translator programs are of two kinds: interpreters and compilers. With an interpreter, programs that loop back to re-execute part of their instructions reinterpret the same instruction each time it appears, so interpreted programs run much more slowly than machine-language programs. Compilers, by contrast, translate an entire program into machine language prior to execution, so such programs run as rapidly as though they were written directly in machine language. The first commercial programmer was probably Grace Hopper (1906-92), an American. .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51 , .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51 .postImageUrl , .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51 , .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51:hover , .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51:visited , .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51:active { border:0!important; } .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51:active , .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51 .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud53c509a82891e0ad47b538f4d4bee51:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Canadian Justice System v.s. Aboriginal People Essay After programming an experimental computer at Harvard University, she worked on the UNIVAC I and II computers and developed a commercially usable high-level programming language called FLOWMATIC. To facilitate computer use in scientific applications, IBM then developed a language that would simplify work involving complicated mathematical formulas. Begun in 1954 and completed in 1957, FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator) was the first comprehensive high-level programming language that was widely used. In 1957, the Association for Computing Machinery set out to develop a universal language that would correct some of FORTRANs perceived faults. A year later they released ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language), another scientifically oriented language; widely used in Europe in the 1960s and 1970s, it has since been superseded by newer languages, while FORTRAN continues to be used because of the huge investment in existing programs. COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language), a commercial and business programming language, concentrated on data organization and file handling and is widely used today in business. BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) was developed at Dartmouth College in the early 1960s for use by nonprofessional computer users. The language came into almost universal use with the microcomputer explosion of the 1970s and 1980s. Condemned as slow, inefficient, and inelegant by its detractors, BASIC is nevertheless simple to learn and easy to use. Because many early microcomputers were sold with BASIC built into the hardware (in ROM memory) the language rapidly came into widespread use. As a very simple example of a BASIC program, consider the addition of the numbers 1 and 2, and the display of the result. This is written as follows (the numerals 10-40 are line numbers): 10 A=120 B=230 C=A+B40 Print CAlthough hundreds of different computer languages and variants exist, several others deserve mention. PASCAL, originally designed as a teaching tool, is now one of the most popular microcomputer languages. LOGO was developed to introduce children to computers. C, a language Bell Laboratories designed in the 1970s, is widely used in developing systems programs, such as language translators. LISP and PROLOG are widely used in artifical intelligence (q. v.) . Computers and Internet